In claims for trademark infringement and passing off, plaintiff success is determined by the ability to establish confusion. Section 6 of the Trade-marks Act (the Act) provides a non-exhaustive list of elements to be considered by the court, namely

Sweeping changes to the Canadian Trade-marks Act will finally be implemented putting Canadian brand owners on equal footing with the rest of the world.

Taking effect on June 17, 2019, the changes will allow for the consistent classification of a brand owner’s goods and services as Canada will finally adopt this process under the Nice Agreement.

Canada will also be eliminating the requirement for filing a declaration of use for those applications that were filed under proposed or intent to use. This means that owners will not need to have a commercial sale prior to registration.

Advertising Standards Canada (“Ad Standards”) is a not-for-profit self-regulatory body that provides competitors with a confidential forum for the resolution of advertising disputes as an alternative to a court action. The process for dispute resolution with Ad Standards is governed by the Advertising Dispute Procedure (the “Dispute Procedure”). The Dispute Procedure is intended to provide a quick, pragmatic and cost-effective process to resolve advertising disputes and facilitate the expeditious amendment or withdrawal of advertising that contravenes the Canadian Code of Advertising Standards (the “Code”).